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Avena sativa

L. (1753)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Monocots Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Genus: Avena

‘oka [oka], common oat, cultivated oat, oat

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Stout annuals.

Stems: Culms (stems) (2.5–)4–8(–12.5) dm tall.

Roots: Fibrous root system.

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades linear (4–)5–10(–17) mm wide. Surfaces glabrous, margins sometimes scaberulous. Margins entire. Veins parallel. Sheaths glabrous, with margins overlapping; ligule 2–5.5 mm long, obtuse, puberulent, finely erose–ciliate. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in inflorescences paniculate, 12–30 cm long, open; spikelets 2(3)– flowered, rachilla glabrous or sparsely hirsute, not readily disarticulating above glumes and between florets; glumes usually exceeding florets, 9–11(–13)–nerved, first glume (17–)18–26 mm long, second glume (18–)20–28 mm long; lemmas (12–)14–20 mm long, glabrous to sometimes scabrous, 3–7–nerved, the nerves obscure on the indurate, yellowish brown lower part and prominent on the herbaceous upper ½, apex entire or very shallowly bilobed, callus naked or only sparsely bearded, awns, when ± present, on first floret, (15–)22–35 mm long, not geniculate; palea firm, the 2 keels ciliate. Florets bisexual (perfect). Stamens 3. Ovary superior.

Fruit: Caryopsis pale brown; ellipsoid; ca. 1 cm long; ca. 2.5 mm wide; appressed pubescent.

Ploidy: 2n = 20; 40–42; 48; 63

Habitat: Sparingly naturalized in disturbed places and occasionally in open pastures.

Elevation Range: 60–1,220 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Synonyms (120)

Avena agraria var. mutica Brot. (1804)
Avena algeriensis Trab. (1910)
Avena anglica Roem. & Schult. (1817)
Avena byzantina var. thellungiana (Malzev) Tab.Morais (1939)
Avena cinerea Roem. & Schult. (1817)
Avena dispermis Mill. (1768)
Avena distans Schur (1870)
Avena fatua f. brachytricha Thell. (1913)
Avena fatua f. glaberrima Thell. (1913)
Avena fatua f. macrathera Thell. (1913)
Avena fatua f. setulosa Thell. (1913)
Avena fatua subsp. macrantha (Hack.) Malzev (1929)
Avena fatua subsp. nodipilosa Malzev (1929)
Avena fatua subsp. praegravis (E.Krause) Malzev (1930)
Avena fatua subsp. sativa (L.) Thell. (1911)
Avena fatua var. contracta (Neilr.) Thell. (1911)
Avena fatua var. glaberrima (Thell.) Malzev (1930)
Avena fatua var. macrotricha Malzev (1930)
Avena fatua var. microtricha Malzev (1930)
Avena fatua var. pilifera Malzev (1930)
Avena fatua var. pilosa (Koeler) Malzev (1930)
Avena fatua var. sativa (L.) Hausskn. (1885)
Avena fatua var. subuniflora Trab. (1910)
Avena fatua var. transiens Hausskn. (1885)
Avena flava Roem. & Schult. (1817)
Avena fusca Schur (1866)
Avena fusciflora Schur (1866)
Avena geogica Zuccagni (1806)
Avena georgiana Roem. & Schult. (1817)
Avena glabrata Hausm. (1885)
Avena grandis Nevski (1934)
Avena heteromalla Haller (1775)
Avena hungarica Lucá (1823)
Avena macrantha (Hack.) Nevski (1934)
Avena mutata Samp. (1931)
Avena mutica Krock. (1823)
Avena nodipilosa (Malzev) Malzev (1934)
Avena orientalis Schreb. (1771)
Avena orientalis subsp. mutica Schübl. & G.Martens (1834)
Avena orientalis var. arundinacea Peterm. (1846)
Avena orientalis var. flavescens Peterm. (1846)
Avena orientalis var. fuscoatra Peterm. (1846)
Avena orientalis var. mutica Gray (1822)
Avena orientalis var. nuda Lej. (1825)
Avena pendula Gilib. (1792)
Avena persarum Nevski (1934)
Avena podolica Pascal ex Zuccagni (1806)
Avena polonica Schwägr. ex Schmalh. (1897)
Avena ponderosa L. ex B.D.Jacks. (1912)
Avena praecocioides Litv. (1915)
Avena praecoqua Litv. (1915)
Avena praegravis (E.Krause) Roshev. (1934)
Avena pseudosativa (Thell.) Herter (1940)
Avena racemosa Thuill. (1799)
Avena sativa convar. nodipilosa (Malzev) Tzvelev (1974)
Avena sativa convar. orientalis (Schreb.) Alef. (1866)
Avena sativa convar. patula Alef. (1866)
Avena sativa f. arundinacea (Peterm.) Soó (1972)
Avena sativa proles grandiuscula Malzev (1930)
Avena sativa subsp. aristata Schübl. & G.Martens (1834)
Avena sativa subsp. contracta (Neilr.) Čelak. (1867)
Avena sativa subsp. diffusa Asch. & Graebn. (1899)
Avena sativa subsp. macrantha (Hack.) Rocha Afonso (1978)
Avena sativa subsp. nodipilosa (Malzev) Vasc. (1931)
Avena sativa subsp. orientalis (Schreb.) K.Richt. (1890)
Avena sativa subsp. praegravis (E.Krause) Tab.Morais (1939)
Avena sativa subvar. pilosa Koeler (1802)
Avena sativa var. abbreviata Dumort. (1827)
Avena sativa var. alba Koeler (1802)
Avena sativa var. arduennensis Schur (1860)
Avena sativa var. aristata Schur (1860)
Avena sativa var. aurea Peterm. (1846)
Avena sativa var. brachytricha (Thell.) Tzvelev (1976)
Avena sativa var. contracta Neilr. (1857)
Avena sativa var. degener Noulet (1837)
Avena sativa var. erythrosperma N.H.F.Desp. (1838)
Avena sativa var. flavescens (Peterm.) Soó (1972)
Avena sativa var. fusca Alef. (1866)
Avena sativa var. fusciflora Schur (1860)
Avena sativa var. fuscoatra (Peterm.) Soó (1972)
Avena sativa var. glaberrima (Thell.) Maire & Weiller (1953)
Avena sativa var. hyemalis Vilm. (1837)
Avena sativa var. macrantha Hack. (1885)
Avena sativa var. macrathera (Thell.) Parodi (1959)
Avena sativa var. macrotricha (Malzev) Tzvelev (1976)
Avena sativa var. microtricha (Malzev) Tzvelev (1976)
Avena sativa var. montana Alef. (1866)
Avena sativa var. mutica Gray (1822)
Avena sativa var. nigra Gray (1822)
Avena sativa var. obtusata Alef. (1866)
Avena sativa var. orientalis (Schreb.) Alef. (1866)
Avena sativa var. pilifera (Malzev) Tzvelev (1976)
Avena sativa var. pilosa (Koeler) Tab.Morais (1939)
Avena sativa var. praecox Metzg. ex Alef. (1866)
Avena sativa var. praegravis E.Krause (1837)
Avena sativa var. pugnax Alef. (1866)
Avena sativa var. rubella Tinant (1836)
Avena sativa var. rufa Schur (1860)
Avena sativa var. secunda Alph.Wood (1847)
Avena sativa var. semiaristata Schur (1860)
Avena sativa var. setulosa (Thell.) Parodi (1959)
Avena sativa var. subuniflora (Trab.) Tzvelev (1976)
Avena sativa var. trisperma (Schübler) Peterm. (1846)
Avena sativa var. tristis Alef. (1866)
Avena sativa var. uniflora Stokes (1812)
Avena sativa var. vulgaris Alef. (1866)
Avena sexflora Larrañaga (1923)
Avena shatilowiana Litv. (1915)
Avena sterilis f. pseudosativa Thell. (1913)
Avena sterilis subsp. nodipubescens Malzev (1930)
Avena sterilis subsp. pseudosativa (Thell.) Malzev (1929)
Avena sterilis var. algeriensis (Trab.) Trab. (1914)
Avena sterilis var. thellungiana Malzev (1930)
Avena tatarica Ard. (1789)
Avena thellungii Nevski (1934)
Avena trabutiana Thell. (1913)
Avena transiens (Hausskn.) Tzvelev (2019)
Avena trisperma Roem. & Schult. (1817)
Avena unilateralis Brouss. ex Roem. & Schult. (1817)
Avena verna Heuze (1873)

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Sp. Pl.: 79 (1753)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1500 (O, M, H); Faccenda 2022:44 (Mo); Herbst 118 BISH (O†, 1966); Hosaka 2005 BISH (H†, 1938)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Avena sativa Ulupalakua Ranch, Makawao In pasture Preserved_Specimen Occasional Hosaka, E.Y. 1784 Maui BISH 1937-04-08
2 Avena sativa Honolulu Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1909-01-01
3 Avena sativa Waianae District Waianae Mts., Mt. Kaala, about 50' below radar installation On disturbed hillside. Growing with no. 117 Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 118 Oahu BISH 1966-06-11
4 Avena sativa Ohaikea, Kau Occasional in open pasture Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 2005 Hawaii BISH 1938-04-20
5 Avena sativa Waianae Mts., Palikea trail. Lower altitude in grass and weed zone. Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3480 Oahu BISH 1960-05-05
6 Avena sativa Mt. Kaala About 50 ft. below radar installation Growing on disturbed hillside Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 118 Oahu BISH 1966-06-11
7 Avena sativa Kamiloloa Heights. Burnt shrublands. Preserved_Specimen Grass 1 m tall, stem glabrous. This may be species introduced by USDA Soil Conservation after fire for erosion control. Hughes, G.D. 35 Molokai BISH 1992-03-07
8 Avena sativa Kokubon farm, end of Iiwi Road, Volcano Planted as a green manure Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 10329 Hawaii BISH 1984-05-07
9 Avena sativa Waianae District Waianae Mts., Mt. Kaala, about 50' below radar installation On disturbed hillside Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 117 Oahu BISH 1966-06-11
10 Avena sativa Hawaii Nat. Park, Kilauea, Kau In open places and under trees Preserved_Specimen Occasional Hosaka, E.Y. 1413 Hawaii BISH 1936-07-03
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